2100P Portable Turbidimeter Instrument & Procedure Manual 9th Edition April 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 3 CERTIFICATION ... 5 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ... 7 SPECIFICATIONS ... 9 OPERATION ...11 SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION ... 13 1.1 General Description... 13 1.2 Accessories ... 14 1.3 Principle of Operation ... 14 1.4 Preparation for Use... 15 1.4.1 Unpacking ... 15 1.4.2 Battery Installation... 16 1.4.3 Using the Battery Eliminator and Rechargeable Batteries... 16 1.4.4 Calibration... 16

SECTION 2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT ... 19 2.1 Operating Controls and Indicators... 19 2.2 Turbidity Measurement ... 19 2.2.1 Turbidity Measurement Procedure... 20 2.2.2 Measurement Notes ... 22 2.3 Measurement Techniques ... 22 2.3.1 Cleaning Sample Cells ... 23 2.3.2 Oiling the Sample Cell... 23 2.3.3 Orienting Sample Cells ... 24 2.3.4 Matching multiple sample cells ... 26 2.3.5 Removing Bubbles (Degassing) ... 28 2.3.6 Measuring Overrange Samples ... 31 2.3.7 Condensation (fogging) ... 31 2.3.8 Calibration... 31 2.3.9 Representative Sampling ... 32

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TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued SECTION 3 OPERATION ... 33 3.1 Operational Controls and Indicators ... 33 3.2 Using the Read Key ... 35 3.2.1 Continuous Reading ... 35 3.3 Using the Signal Averaging Key ... 35 3.4 Using the Range Selection Key ... 36 3.5 Restoring the Default Calibration ... 36 3.6 Calibration ... 37 3.6.1 StablCal Stabilized Formazin Standards ... 37 3.6.2 Formazin Primary Standards ... 40 3.6.3 Calibrating the Turbidimeter ... 44 3.6.4 Using Gelex® Secondary Turbidity Standards... 54

MAINTENANCE ... 57 SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE ... 59 4.1 Cleaning ... 59 4.2 Battery Replacement... 59 4.3 Lamp Replacement ... 59

SECTION 5 TROUBLESHOOTING ... 67 5.1 Using the Diagnostic Functions Key ... 67 5.1.1 Basic Diagnostic Codes... 67 5.2 The Diagnostic Procedure... 68 5.3 Other Instrument Diagnostics ... 70 5.3.1 Display Test... 70 5.4 Error Messages ... 70 5.4.1 Flashing Numeric Display... 70 5.4.2 E Messages... 70 5.4.3 CAL? ... 70 GENERAL INFORMATION... 73 Replacement Parts & Accessories ... 74 HOW TO ORDER ... 76 REPAIR SERVICE ... 77 WARRANTY ... 78 4

CERTIFICATION Hach Company certifies this instrument was tested thoroughly, inspected and found to meet its published specifications when it was shipped from the factory. The Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter has been tested and is certified as indicated to the following instrumentation standards:

Product Safety

Battery/Eliminator Power Supply Only: 120 Vac, 60 Hz, UL Listed & CSA Certified, Class 2 230 Vac, 50 Hz, VDE Approved, GS & CE marked

Immunity

2100P Turbidimeter Tested with external Battery/Eliminator Power Supply: EN 50082-1 (European Generic Immunity Standard) per 89/336/EEC EMC: Supporting test records with Dash Straus and Goodhue, Inc. (now Intertek Testing Services), certified compliance by Hach Company. Standards include: IEC 801-2 Electro-Static Discharge IEC 801-3 Radiated RF Electro-Magnetic Fields IEC 801-4 Electrical Fast Transients/Burst

Emissions

2100P Turbidimeter Tested with external Battery/Eliminator Power Supply: EN 50081-1 (Emissions) per 89/336/EEC EMC: Supporting test records by Amador Corp. (now TUV Product Services), certified compliance by Hach Company Standards include: EN 55022 (CISPR 22) Emissions, Class B Limits Canadian Radio Interference-Causing Regulation, Chapter 1374, Class A: Supporting test records by Amador Corp. (now TUV Product Services), certified compliance by Hach Company This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations. Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada. 5

CERTIFICATION, continued FCC Part 15, Class “A” Limits: Supporting test records by Amador Corp. (now TUV Product Services), certified compliance by Hach Company. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and 2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area may cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense. The following techniques of reducing interference problems are applied easily: 1. Disconnect the battery eliminator from it’s power source and from the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter to verify if it is the source of the interference 2. If the battery eliminator for the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter is plugged into the same outlet as the device with which it is interfering, try another outlet. 3. Move the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter away from the device receiving the interference. 4. Reposition the receiving antenna for the device receiving the interference. 5. Try combinations of the above. 6

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Please read this entire manual before unpacking, setting up, or operating this instrument. Pay particular attention to all danger and caution statements. Failure to do so could result in serious injury to the operator or damage to the equipment. To ensure the protection provided by this equipment is not impaired, do not use or install this equipment in any manner other than that which is specified in this manual.

Use of Hazard Information

If multiple hazards exist, this manual will use the signal word (Danger, Caution, Note) corresponding to the greatest hazard. DANGER Indicates a potentially or imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. CAUTION Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that may result in minor or moderate injury. NOTE Information that requires special emphasis.

Precautionary Labels

Read all labels and tags attached to the instrument. Personal injury or damage to the instrument could occur if not observed. This symbol, if noted on the instrument, references the instruction manual for operational and/or safety information.

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SPECIFICATIONS Specifications subject to change without notice. Operating specifications applicable at 25 °C unless noted. Program software copyrighted by Hach Company, 1991. Measurement Method: Ratio Nephelometric signal (90°) scatter light ratio to transmitted light Range: 0-1000 NTU with automatic decimal point placement or manual range selection of 0-9.99, 0-99.9 and 0-1000 NTU Accuracy: ± 2% of reading plus stray light from 0-1000 NTU Resolution: 0.01 NTU on lowest range Repeatability: ±1% of reading or 0.01 NTU, whichever is greater (with Gelex standards) Response Time: 6 seconds for full step change without signal averaging in constant reading mode Stray Light: <0.02 NTU Standardization: StablCal® Stabilized Formazin primary standards or Formazin primary standards Secondary Standards: Gelex® Secondary Standards Display: Four-digit liquid crystal; 10.16 mm (0.4 in) high digits with custom icons Light Source: Tungsten filament lamp; lamp life typically greater than 100,000 readings Detectors: Silicon photovoltaic Signal Averaging: Operator selectable on or off Sample Cells: (Height X width) 60.0 X 25 mm (2.36 X 1 in) Borosilicate glass with screw caps, marking band and fill line Sample Required: 15 mL (0.5 oz.) Storage Temperature: -40 to 60 °C (-40 to 140 °F) (instrument only) 9

SPECIFICATIONS, continued Operating Temperature: 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F) (instrument only) Operating Humidity Range: 0 to 90% RH noncondensing at 30 °C; 0 to 80% RH noncondensing at 40 °C; 0 to 70% RH noncondensing at 50 °C Power Requirements: Four AA Alkaline cells or optional battery eliminator Battery Life: Typically 300 tests with signal average mode off; 180 tests with signal average mode on Battery Eliminator (optional): For 120 V eliminator: CSA and UL approved for 120 VAC ±10%, 60 Hz, 6 V at 800 mA DC output For 230 V eliminator: CE (VDE) approval pending for 230 VAC ±10%, 50 Hz, 6 V at 900 mA DC output Enclosure: High impact ABS plastic Dimensions: 22.2 X 9.5 X 7.9 cm (8.75 X 3.75 X 3.12 in) Instrument Weight: 520 kg (1 lb 2.5 oz) Shipping Weight: 3.1 kg (6 lbs 8.5 oz)

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SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION 1.1 General Description The Hach Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter (Figure 1) measures turbidity from 0.01 to 1000 NTU in automatic range mode with automatic decimal point placement. The manual range mode measures turbidity in three ranges: 0.01 to 9.99, 10 to 99.9 and 100 to 1000 NTU. Designed primarily for field use, the microprocessor-based Model 2100P has the range, accuracy, and resolution of many laboratory instruments. The instrument operates on four AA batteries or with an optional battery eliminator. Rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells may be used, but cannot be recharged in the instrument. The instrument automatically shuts off after 5.5 minutes if no keystrokes occur (does not influence operation). If this occurs, simply turn the instrument on – the 2100P will resume operation as if the power had not been interrupted. The instrument, all standard accessories, and the optional battery eliminator may be conveniently stored in the carrying case. Figure 1

2100P Turbidimeter and Accessories

Note: Avoid prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and sunlight. Note: Do not hold the instrument during measurements; place the instrument on a flat, steady surface.

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SECTION 1, continued 1.2 Accessories Accessories supplied with the turbidimeter include nine sample cells; three Gelex® Secondary Standards (included with 4650000 only); one sealed vial each of: <0.1-NTU, 20-NTU, 100-NTU, and 800-NTU StablCal® Stabilized Formazin Standards; 4 AA alkaline batteries; 15 mL of silicone oil; oiling cloth; carrying case; instrument manual; and quick reference card.

1.3 Principle of Operation The Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter operates on the nephelometric principle of turbidity measurement. This instrument meets the design criteria specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 180.1. The optical system* (Figure 2) includes a tungsten-filament lamp, a 90° detector to monitor scattered light and a transmitted light detector. The instrument's microprocessor calculates the ratio of the signals from the 90° and transmitted light detectors. This ratio technique corrects for interferences from color and/or light absorbing materials (such as activated carbon) and compensates for fluctuations in lamp intensity, providing long-term calibration stability. The optical design also minimizes stray light, increasing measurement accuracy. Figure 2

Ratio Optical System

90° Detector

Transmitted Light Detector Lamp

Lens

Sample Cell

* Patent number 4,198,161; other patents pending.

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SECTION 1, continued 1.4 Preparation for Use 1.4.1

Unpacking

Remove the instrument and accessories from the shipping box and inspect them for damage that may have occurred due to rough handling or extreme weather conditions. Verify the following are present:

•

Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter

•

Instrument Manual (with quick reference card)

•

Set of StablCal Primary Standards in sealed vials, one each of: <0.1 NTU* 20 NTU 100 NTU 800 NTU

•

Standardization Kit containing Gelex Secondary Standards (0-10, 0-100 and 0-1000 ranges) (included with 4650000 only) plus nine sample cells with caps.

•

Silicone Oil, 15-mL (0.5 oz) dropping bottle

•

Oiling Cloth

•

Carrying Case

•

Four AA alkaline batteries

If any of the items are missing or damaged, please contact the Customer Service Department, Hach Company, Loveland, Colorado. The toll-free number in the United States is 800-227-4224. International customers should contact the Hach office or authorized distributor serving your area. Refer to REPAIR SERVICE on page 77. Please do not return the instrument without prior authorization from Hach.

* Used in place of the dilution water standard when performing a calibration.

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SECTION 1, continued 1.4.2

Battery Installation

The instrument is shipped completely assembled without the batteries installed. Before use, install the four AA alkaline batteries or connect the battery eliminator (Figure 3). For battery operation, remove the battery compartment cover on the instrument bottom and install the batteries. Correct battery polarity is shown on the battery holder. The instrument will not function if the batteries are not installed correctly. Reinstall the battery compartment cover. Figure 3

1.4.3

Battery Installation

Using the Battery Eliminator and Rechargeable Batteries

For operation with the optional battery eliminator, plug the eliminator jack into the connector on the turbidimeter side. The battery eliminator may be used with or without the batteries installed. The eliminator will not charge batteries. Rechargeable batteries may be used in the instrument, but must be removed for recharging. See HOW TO ORDER on page 76 for ordering information. To prolong battery life, the instrument lamp turns on temporarily when the READ key is depressed. Batteries are not necessary for battery eliminator operation.

1.4.4

Calibration

The 2100P Portable Turbidimeter is calibrated with Formazin Primary Standard at the factory. However, the instrument should be calibrated upon receipt for best results. Hach recommends recalibration with 16

SECTION 1, continued formazin once every three months, or more often as experience dictates. The Gelex Secondary Standards supplied with the instrument (included with 4650000 only) are labelled with general ranges for application, but must be assigned values before use from formazin calibration. See Section 3.6 on page 37 for calibration instructions.

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SECTION 2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT 2.1 Operating Controls and Indicators Figure 4 shows the 2100P controls and indicators. Refer to SECTION 3 for a detailed description of each control and indicator. Figure 4

Keyboard and Display with Descriptions

Displayed when instrument is in diagnostic mode

Indicates instrument is in calibration mode

Four digit display

Indicates which standard should be measured when “S” is displayed, and which diagnostic code is functional when “DIAG” is displayed

Indicates recalibration may be necessary

2100P TURBIDIMETER DIAG

Prompting indicator for calibration sequence

Indicates measurement unit is Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

CAL?

NTU Negative sign for some diagnostic values

AUTO RNG

Displayed when instrument is in automatic range mode

EDIT

Flashes when battery voltage level drops below 4.4 volts Constant display indicates lamp is on; flashing indicates low light level

Displayed when Signal Averaging is on

SIG AVG

MODE

Used to edit displayed values and display lamp-on values in diagnostic mode

CAL

DIAG

SIGNAL AVERAGE

Used to scroll through diagnostic and calibration modes. Also scrolls through numbers.

POWER

RANGE

Turns signal averaging function on and off

READ

Used to access and exit calibration mode

Power switch to turn instrument on and off

Selects auto range or one of three manual range modes

Used to access and exit diagnostic mode Pressed to start measurement

2.2 Turbidity Measurement Measurements may be made with the signal average mode on or off and in manual or automatic range selection mode. Using automatic range selection is recommended. Signal averaging uses more power and should be used only when the sample causes an unstable reading. Signal averaging measures and averages ten measurements while displaying 19

SECTION 2, continued intermediate results. The initial value is displayed after about 11 seconds and the display is updated every 1.2 seconds until all ten measurements are taken (about 20 seconds). After this, the lamp turns off, but the final measured turbidity value continues to be displayed until another key is pressed. When not in signal average mode, the final value is displayed after about 13 seconds. Accurate turbidity measurement depends on good measurement technique by the analyst, such as using clean sample cells in good condition and removing air bubbles (degassing). Refer to Section 2.3 on page 22 for a detailed discussion of measurement techniques.

2.2.1

Turbidity Measurement Procedure

1. Collect a representa- 2. Wipe the cell with

3. Apply a thin film of

tive sample in a clean a soft, lint-free cloth to container. Fill a sample remove water spots and cell to the line (about fingerprints. 15 mL), taking care to handle the sample cell by the top. Cap the cell. (See Section 2.3 on page 22 for more information about collecting a representative sample).

silicone oil. Wipe with a soft cloth to obtain an even film over the entire surface.

Note: The instrument automatically shuts off after 5.5 minutes if no keystrokes occur. To resume operation, press I/O.

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SECTION 2, continued

I O

4. Press: I/O. The instrument will turn on. Place the instrument on a flat, sturdy surface. Do not hold the instrument while making measurements.

SIGNAL AVERAGE

7. Select signal averaging mode by pressing the SIGNAL AVERAGE key. The display will show SIG AVG when the instrument is using signal averaging. Use signal average mode if the sample causes a noisy signal (display changes constantly).

5. Insert the sample cell 6. Select manual in the instrument cell compartment so the diamond or orientation mark aligns with the raised orientation mark in front of the cell compartment. Close the lid.

or automatic range selection by pressing the RANGE key. The display will show AUTO RNG when the instrument is in automatic range selection.

READ

8. Press: READ The display will show - - - - NTU, then the turbidity in NTU. Record the turbidity after the lamp symbol turns off.

Note: The instrument defaults to the last operating mode selected. If automatic range mode and signal averaging were used on the previous measurements, these options will automatically be selected for subsequent samples.

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SECTION 2, continued 2.2.2

Measurement Notes

•

Always cap the sample cell to prevent spillage of sample into the instrument.

•

When taking a reading, place the instrument on a level, stationary surface. It should not be held in the hand during measurement.

•

Always close the sample compartment lid during measurement and storage.

•

Always use clean sample cells in good condition. Dirty, scratched, or damaged cells can cause inaccurate readings.

•

Do not leave a sample cell in the cell compartment for extended periods of time. This may compress the spring in the cell holder.

•

Remove sample cell and batteries from instrument if the instrument is stored for extended time period (more than a month).

•

Avoid operating in direct sunlight.

•

Make certain cold samples do not “fog” the sample cell.

•

Avoid settling of sample prior to measurement.

•

Keep sample compartment lid closed to prevent dust and dirt from entering.

2.3 Measurement Techniques Proper measurement techniques are important in minimizing the effects of instrument variation, stray light and air bubbles. Regardless of the instrument used, measurements are more accurate, precise and repeatable if the analyst pays close attention to proper measurement techniques. Measure samples immediately to prevent temperature changes and settling. Avoid sample dilution when possible. Particles suspended in the original sample may dissolve or otherwise change characteristics when the sample temperature changes or when the sample is diluted, resulting in a non-representative sample measurement. 22

SECTION 2, continued 2.3.1

Cleaning Sample Cells

Cells must be extremely clean and free from significant scratches. The glass used to make cells is easily scratched – manufacturing cells free of minor scratches and other imperfections is difficult. However, minor imperfections are effectively masked by applying silicone oil as outlined in Section 2.3.2. Clean the inside and outside of the cells by washing with laboratory detergent. Follow with multiple rinses of distilled or deionized water. Allow cells to air dry. Handle cells only by the top to minimize dirt, scratches and fingerprints in the light path.

2.3.2

Oiling the Sample Cell

Applying a thin coat of silicone oil will mask minor imperfections and scratches which may contribute to turbidity or stray light. Use silicone oil equivalent to Hach Cat. No. 1269-36. This silicone oil has the same refractive index as glass. When applied in a thin, uniform coat, the oil fills in and masks minor scratches and other imperfections in the glass. Apply the oil uniformly by wiping with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid application of excess oil. Applying excess oil may retain dirt and contaminate the instrument's cell compartment.

1. Thoroughly clean the 2. Apply a small bead

3. Using a soft, lint-free

sample cell.

cloth, spread the oil uniformly, then wipe off the excess so that only a thin coat of oil is left. The cell should appear nearly dry with little or no visible oil.

of silicone oil from the top to the bottom of the cell-- just enough to coat the cell with a thin layer of oil.

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SECTION 2, continued Note: Soft, lint-free cloth (velvet) works well for oiling. Store the oiling cloth with the sample cells and keep it free of dirt. After a few applications of oil, the cloth will contain enough residual oil that simply wiping the cell with the oiled cloth will provide a sufficient oil coat on the sample cell. Periodically, add a small amount of oil to the sample cell surface to replenish the oil in the cloth. Note: Only a thin coat of oil on the sample cells is necessary. Avoid using excessive amounts of oil.

2.3.3

Orienting Sample Cells

Note: When orienting and matching cells, it may be more efficient to use the continuous reading mode. The instrument performs continuous readings if the READ key is pressed and held. As long as the key is held, the lamp remains on and the display is updated every 1.2 seconds. The instrument cannot be used in continuous read mode if the Signal Averaging mode is on.

Precise measurements for very low turbidity samples require using a single cell for all measurements or optically matching the cells. Using one cell provides the best precision and repeatability. When one cell is used, an orientation mark (other than the factory-placed diamond) can be placed on the cell so it’s inserted into the instrument with the same orientation each time. 2.3.3.1 Orienting a single cell When using a single cell, make an index or orientation mark on the cell as follows:

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SECTION 2, continued

I O

1. Fill the clean sample 2. Press: I/O to turn the 3. Insert the sample cell to the line with instrument on. high quality water (< 0.5 NTU). Cap and wipe with lint-free cloth. Apply silicone oil. See Section 3.6.2.2 on page 40 for more information about high quality water.

cell into the sample compartment. Close the cover.

READ

4. Press: READ

5. Remove the cell,

rotate it slightly and Record the cell's position reinsert it into the cell in the cell compartment compartment. Close the and the displayed cover, then press READ. reading. Record the cell's position Note: This procedure may be and the displayed easier if the user holds the reading. READ key through the whole

process. This allows the lamp to remain on and make continuous readings.

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6. Repeat step 5 until the lowest reading is displayed. Place an orientation mark on the cell's marking band near the top of the cell so the cell can be consistently inserted in the position that yields the lowest reading. When using the cell, always place it in the instrument so the orientation mark aligns with the raised mark on the instrument.