MECTRON
starlight pro Use and Maintenance Manual Rev 04
Use and Maintenance Manual
224 Pages

Preview
Page 1
Copyright © Mectron S.p.A. 2021. All rights reserved. No part of this document can be reproduced in any form without the written consent of the copyright owner.
I
starlight pro SUMMARY
1
Introduction
2
Identification Data
7
3
Delivery
8
4
Installation
9
5
Battery
13
6
Use
16
7
Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilisation
19
8 9 10 11
Disposal Procedures and Precautions Symbols Troubleshooting Technical Specifications
22 23 24 25
1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
11.1 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.1.3.1 11.1.3.2 11.1.3.3 11.1.4
II
Intended Use Description of the Device Patient Group Directions Patient Selection Criteria Indications for Use Users Disclaimer Safety Requirements Identification Label of the Charging Unit Identification Data of the Handpiece
List of Components Safety Requirements in the Installation Phase Connecting the Accessories Descriptions of Commands and Signalling New Battery - First Charging Low Battery Indication Battery Discharged Indication Battery Failure Indication Battery Replacement Battery Safety Requirements Connecting the Accessories Safety Requirements During Use Instructions for Use Light Intensity Measurement Safety Protection Yellow Battery LED on the Charging Unit
Cleaning and Disinfection of the Casing of the Charging Unit Cleaning and Disinfecting the Handpiece Sterilisation Procedure Cleaning, Disinfection e Sterilisation of the Optical Fibre Cleaning, Disinfection e Sterilisation of the Optical Protection
Electromagnetic Compatibility IEC/EN 60601-1-2 Guidance and Manufacturer’s Declaration - Electromagnetic Emissions Accessible Parts of the Casing Guidance and Manufacturer’s Declaration - Electromagnetic Immunity Power Connection A.C. Input Points of Contact with the Patient Parts Accessible to the Input / Output Signals Specifications of the tests for the Immunity of the Accessible Parts of the
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 7 7
8
9 10 11 13 13 13 14 14 14
16 16 17 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 22
27 27 28 29 29 31 32
12
Casing to the Wireless RF Communications Device
Warranty
33
35
III
Introduction
1
INTRODUCTION
Carefully read this manual before proceeding with installation operations, use, maintenance or other intervention operations on the device. Always keep this manual at hand. Important: To avoid damages to persons or things, read with particular attention all the paragraphs “Safety Requirements” present in the manual. According to the degree of severity the safety requirements are classified with the following indications: WARNING: (Always referred to damage to persons) CAUTION: (Referring to possible damages to things) The aim of this manual is to make the operators aware of the safety regulations, installation procedures, instructions for proper use and maintenance of the device and its accessories. Use of this manual for aims other than those strictly linked to the installation, use and maintenance of the device is prohibited. The information and illustrations in this manual were updated on the edition date shown on the last page. MECTRON is engaged in continuously updating its products with possible changes to the components of the apparatus. In case you encounter discrepancies between the descriptions found in this manual and the equipment in your possession you can: •
check for any available updates in the section MANUALS of MECTRON website1;
•
contact MECTRON After Sales Service.
•
1
ask clarifications to Your Dealer;
https://manuals.mectron.com/
1
starlight pro 1.1
Intended Use
Polymerisation of photo-hardening dental materials with a photoinitiator that can be activated in the wavelength band comprised between 440 and 480 nm with a narrow peak at 460 nm. Although most composite materials are activated within this wavelength range, in case of uncertainty consult the specifications of the composite material. This equipment may be used only in a dentist’s surgery or out-patient’s department where there are no inflammable gases (anaesthetic mixtures, oxygen, etc.).
1.2
Description of the Device
starlight pro is an equipment for polymerising photo-hardening composites. The light source used is a very high-efficiency monochromatic LED with a dominant wavelength between 440 nm and 465 nm. Unlike traditional halogen lamps, therefore, all the light being emitted by starlight pro is used to activate the camphorquinone photoinitiator. Furthermore, the light emitted by the diode is focused on the optical fibre by means of an optical elements, the shape of which was designed specifically for this purpose. The device consists of a charging unit with a brightness meter and a handpiece powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. starlight pro can be used to operate in either of two emission modes: • •
Constant intensity of emission - FAST (cycle lasting 10 seconds);
Gradual intensity of emission - SLOW RISE (cycle lasting 20 seconds).
1.2.1
Patient Group Directions
This medical device is designed to be used with the following patient population: •
Children;
•
Adults;
• •
Adolescents; Elderly.
This medical device can be used on any patient (if applicable) of any age, weight, height, gender and nationality.
1.2.2
Patient Selection Criteria
The use of the device is not recommended in the following cases: 1. 2. 3.
Patients with active implantable medical devices (for example: pacemakers, hearing aids and/or other electromagnetic prostheses) without the prior authorization of their doctor; Patients with a history of light stimulation, for example in photoexposure dermatitis and/ or porphyrias, etc. or who are being treated with photosensitizing drugs. In all cases of possible risk, consult a specialist doctor; Patients whose medical history shows pathologies of the retina must first consult the ophthalmologist to receive authorization for treatment with the Mectron curing light.
WARNING: Adopt strict safety measures for patients who have undergone cataract surgery and are therefore particularly sensitive to light (for example, safety glasses that filter out blue light).
2
Introduction All models of curing lights are intended for professional use only. Therefore, the user is the only person able to decide if and how to treat their patients. WARNING: Contraindications. In all cases of potential risk, a specialist doctor must be consulted.
1.2.3
Indications for Use
1.2.4
Users
1.3
Disclaimer
The use of the device is indicated for all the intended patients (see Chapter 1.2.1 on page 2) for whom a polymerization treatment of light-curing dental materials is prescribed, by the treating physician, within the intended use of the device (see Chapter 1.1 on page 2). The device must be used only by specialised and properly trained personnel, such as the dentist and/or assistant, adults of any weight, age, height, gender and nationality, able-bodied. No specific training activities are required for the use of the device.
The manufacturer MECTRON disclaims all responsibility, express or implied, and cannot be held responsible for direct or indirect personal injury and/or property damage, occurring as a result of incorrect procedures linked to the use of the device and its accessories. The manufacturer MECTRON cannot be held responsible, expressly or by implication of any type of injury to persons and/or damage to things, carried out by the user of the product and its accessories and happened by way of example and not of limitation, in the following cases: • • • • • • • • •
Misuse or use during procedures other than those specified in the destination of use of the product; The environmental conditions for preservation and storage of the device are not complying with the requirements indicated in Chapter 11 on page 25;
The device is not used in accordance with all the instructions and requirements described in this manual; The electrical system of the places where the equipment is used do not comply with the laws in force and the related regulations;
Assembly operations, extensions, re-adjustments, upgrades and repairs of the device are carried out by personnel not authorized by MECTRON; Misuse, abuse, abnormal use, negligent use, intentional misconduct or use exceeding the limits of the device indicated and allowed and/or normal wear or deterioration, illtreatment and/or incorrect interventions; Any attempt to tamper with or modification of the device under every circumstance;
Breach of the requirements and the information contained in Chapter 7 on page 19 of this manual;
Unauthorized repairs in accordance with the indications contained in Chapter 12 on page 35 of this manual.
3
starlight pro 1.4
Safety Requirements
CAUTION: No alterations to this device are permitted. CAUTION: The electrical system of the premises in which the device is installed and used must comply with the rules in force and the relevant requirements of electrical safety. WARNING: Qualified and specialised personnel. The device must be used exclusively by specialized personnel with proper medical culture; no training activities are foreseen for the use of the device. The use of the device does not cause side effects if it is used correctly. WARNING: Intended use. Use the equipment solely for the purpose for which it is intended (see Chapter 1.1 on page 2). Failure to comply with this requirement could lead to serious harm to the patient and/or to the operator and/or damage to/failure of the equipment. WARNING: Contraindications. Do not use the device on patients with Pacemakers or other implantable electronic devices. This regulation also applies to the operator. WARNING: Point the beam of light directly at the material to be polymerised. Do not point the beam of light on the gums or other soft tissues (if necessary these parts should be suitably shielded). The effect of the light should be limited to that part of the oral cavity to be clinically treated.. WARNING: Never point the beam of light on the eyes. The effect of the light should be limited to that part of the oral cavity to be clinically treated. WARNING: Contraindications. Do not use this equipment for patients who have a case history of positive reaction to stimulation by light, e.g. urticaria solaris and/or porphyria, etc. or who are receiving treatment with photosensitising drugs. In all cases of possible risk consult a specialised physician. WARNING: Contraindications. Adopt strict safety measures for patients who have undergone cataract surgery and who are therefore particularly sensitive to light (e.g. protective goggles able to filter out blue light). WARNING: Contraindications. Patients who have a case history of diseases of the retina should consult their optician beforehand and be specifically authorised to receive treatment with the starlight pro. CAUTION: Photobiological safety of the curing lights and lamp systems IEC 62471. According to the Standard IEC 62471, the device results in risk class 2 (moderate risk) concerning a retinal risk from blue light or thermal retinal risk. The following CAUTION indications are applied to the device package.
4
Introduction
Risk Group 2 CAUTION. Possibly hazardous optical radiation emitted from this product. Do not stare at operating lamp. May be harmful to the eye Product tested against IEC62471
Figure 1 – Photobiological safety WARNING: Cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation of new or repaired products. Before treatment, all new or repaired products should be cleaned and disinfected and, if suitable for this treatment, autoclave sterilised following the instructions provided in Chapter 7 on page 19 strictly. WARNING: Infection control. In order to ensure maximum safety for both the patient and the operator, clean, disinfect and sterilise the optical fibre and the optical protection before each treatment. Follow the instructions provided in Chapter 7 on page 19. WARNING: Use only original Mectron accessories and spare parts. WARNING: Checking the condition of the device before treatment. Before each treatment always check that the equipment is in proper working order and that the accessories are efficient. Do not carry out the treatment if any problems are encountered in operating the equipment. If the problems concern the equipment contact an authorised technical service centre. WARNING: Risk of explosions. The equipment cannot operate in environments where there are saturated atmospheres of flammable gases (anaesthetic mixtures, oxygen, etc.). WARNING: Do not use the charging unit to recharge other types of batteries or other equipment with rechargeable batteries. CAUTION: Recharge the battery only with the Mectron charging unit (Figure 4 at page 8 - Ref. A). Do not attempt to recharge the battery using a generic battery charger. This entails a risk of explosion and fire.
5
starlight pro CAUTION: In case the final user, operating in their own medical room or surgery, in order to comply with mandatory requirements, must periodically inspect the equipment present in the surgery, the test procedures to apply to medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems for the safety assessment must be carried out following the standard EN 62353 ‘Medical electrical equipment - Periodic inspections and tests to be carried out after repair of medical electrical equipment’. The interval for periodic checks, in the intended operating conditions and described in this “Use and Maintenance” manual, is one year or 2000 hours of use, depending on which of these two conditions occurs first. WARNING: If an adverse event and/or serious incident attributable to the device occurs during correct and intended use, it is recommended to report it to the Competent Authority and to the manufacturer indicated on the product label.
6
Identification Data
2
IDENTIFICATION DATA
A correct description of the model and of the serial number of the device will allow the After Sales Service to provide fast and effective answers. Always provide this information every time that you contact MECTRON After Sales Service.
2.1
Identification Label of the Charging Unit
Each charging unit is provided with an identification label (see Figure 2 at page 7) on which the main technical specifications and the lot number are reported. The identification label is placed to the underside of the equipment. The complete technical data are reported in Chapter 11 on page 25. NOTE: The complete list of symbols is reported in Chapter 9 on page 23.
YYYY-MM
starlight pro
manufacturer Mectron S.p.A. via Loreto 15/a Carasco -GE- Italy
-CHARGER100-230 V~ 50/60 Hz 15 VA
00000000
YY000000
made in Italy
Data Matrix HIBC 128
Figure 2 – Identification Label of the Charging Unit
2.2
Identification Data of the Handpiece
On the handpiece are reported some symbols (see Chapter 9 on page 23) and the serial number (see Figure 3 at page 7). NOTE: The complete list of symbols is reported in Chapter 9 on page 23.
03120000
000000000
SN
starlight pro
YYYY-MM
Data Matrix HIBC 128
Figure 3 – Identification Data of the Handpiece
7
starlight pro
3
DELIVERY
The packaging of the device cannot undergo strong impacts as contains electronic components, therefore the transport and the storage must be carried out with particular care. All the material shipped by MECTRON is controlled at the time of dispatch. The device is shipped appropriately protected and packaged. Upon receipt of the device, check for any possible damage caused during transport and in case any damage and/or defects is found, complain to the transporter. Keep the packaging in case there is a necessity to send any item to a MECTRON Authorized Service Centre and to store the device during long periods of inactivity.
3.1
List of Components
Refer to Figure 4 at page 8: A.
1 starlight pro charging unit;
C.
1 Optical fibre;
B.
D. E.
1 starlight pro handpiece with rechargeable lithium-ion battery; 1 Optical protection;
1 Power supply cable for the charging unit.
These components can also be ordered separately. NOTE: The content may vary during promotional campaigns. D
C
B
A
Figure 4 – List of Components
8
E
Installation
4
INSTALLATION
The device must be installed in a suitable place that is convenient for its use. WARNING: The place where the device is installed must meet the requirements found in the Chapter 4.1 on page 9.
4.1
Safety Requirements in the Installation Phase
WARNING: The electrical system of the premises in which the device is installed and used must comply with the rules in force and the relevant requirements of electrical safety. WARNING: Risk of explosion. The device cannot operate in environments where there are saturated atmospheres of flammable gases (aesthetic mixtures, oxygen, etc.). WARNING: Install the device in a safe place protected from impact or accidental water or liquid spray. WARNING: Do not install the device above or near sources of heat. Arrange during installation for a suitable circulation of air around the device. WARNING: Do not introduce metal objects or the fingers into the handpiece housing in the charging unit (Figure 5 at page 10 - Ref. B) when the device is on.
CAUTION: The device can be transported but must be handled with care when moved. CAUTION: Do not expose the device to direct sunlight or sources of UV light. CAUTION: Place the device in such a way as to always have the power plug easily accessible as it is considered to be a disconnection device.
9
starlight pro 4.2
Connecting the Accessories
In order to make the equipment operational it is necessary to proceed as follows: 1. 2.
Place the charging unit on a flat surface;
Plug the power cable (Figure 4 at page 8 - Ref. F) into the connector on the back side of the charging unit (Figure 5 at page 10 - Ref. A) and then into the power outlet. The green power LED should light up (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. A). B
A
Figure 5 – Charging unit. CAUTION: Make sure that the voltage and frequency of the power-supply line match the values indicated on the identification label under the charging unit. WARNING: Check the condition of the power cable regularly. If it is found to be damaged, replace it with an original Mectron spare part.
CAUTION: Place the device in such a way as to always have the power plug easily accessible as it is considered to be a disconnection device.
10
Installation 4.3
Descriptions of Commands and Signalling
For the descriptions of commands and signalling, refer to Table 1 at page 11. Ref.
Name
Description
A
Power LED green
Indicates that the charging unit is powered up.
Battery LED green
Indicates that the battery is being charged. D
B Battery LED yellow Test LED green
Indicates that the light intensity is suitable for effective therapy.
Test LED yellow
Indicates that the light intensity is insufficient.
on/off button
Starts or stops a polymerisation cycle.
C
D
Indicates that the battery of the has failed.
A
B
C
Table 1 – Descriptions of Commands and Signalling Function
Action/Button
Acoustic signal
FAST polymerisation
on/off button pressed for a short time
1 beep when the light emission starts. 1 beep on completion of the 10 sec exposure.
SLOW RISE polymerisation
on/off button pressed for at least 2 sec
1 beep when the light emission starts and 1 beep after 2 sec. 1 beep after 10 sec. of exposure. 1 beep on completion of the 20 sec exposure.
Interruption of exposure cycle
on/off button pressed for a short time during the exposure
1 beep
11
starlight pro Function
Action/Button
Acoustic signal
Low battery indication. The remaining battery charge is sufficient for the execution of 6 cycles.
2 beep on completion of the exposure cycle. on/off button pressed for FAST or SLOW RISE polymerisation
Battery discharged indication.
2 beep - No light emission. 3 beep on completion of the polymerisation cycle and interruption of the cycle.
Thermal protection intervention indication Table 2 – Description of the acoustic signals of the handpiece.
Power LED
Battery LED
Test LED
Position of the handpiece in the charging unit
ON
OFF
OFF
Not inserted
Charging unit powered.
ON
Green ON
OFF
Inserted
Battery being recharged.
Function
ON
OFF
OFF
Inserted
Recharging completed. Battery charged.
ON
Yellow ON
OFF
Inserted
Battery failed.
ON
Yellow ON
OFF
Not inserted
Electric contacts of the charging unit short-circuited.
ON
OFF
OFF
Not inserted
No light emission.
ON
OFF
Yellow ON
Not inserted
Low light emission.
12
Battery Power LED
ON
Battery LED
OFF
Test LED
Green ON
Position of the handpiece in the charging unit
Function
Not inserted
Light emission suitable for an effective treatment.
Table 3 – Description of light signals on the charging unit. CAUTION: Do not tamper with the charging unit electrical contacts. The charging unit recognizes the battery state. If after some exposure cycles the battery is not enough discharged, when the handpiece is placed on the charging unit, the green battery LED doesn’t switch on. This is an expected behaviour.
5
BATTERY
starlight pro is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery already contained inside the handpiece, with no memory effect. starlight pro is equipped with two microprocessors that check the battery continuously and maintain the optimum battery charging parameters. The handpiece may therefore be placed back into the charging unit at the end of each treatment and left there, regardless of the charge of the battery.
5.1
New Battery - First Charging
NOTE: The battery of the starlight pro is provided partially charged. To charge completely the battery: 1. 2.
5.2
Place the handpiece into its housing in the charging unit (Figure 5 at page 10 - Ref. B). The green battery LED will light up (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. B). The charging phase has been completed when the battery LED switch off.
Low Battery Indication
When the charge of the battery becomes low, after frequent use of starlight pro, the microprocessor will allow 6 more exposures to be carried out (FAST or SLOW RISE) without any need to recharge the battery. A battery low state is signalled at the end of each of these 6 cycles by means of 2 beeps. Once the 6 cycles have been completed, the handpiece enters a battery discharged state (see Chapter 5.3 on page 13). Place the starlight pro handpiece back into the charging unit.
5.3
Battery Discharged Indication
The battery of starlight pro is discharged if no light is emitted when pressing the on/off button and at the same time an acoustic signal is produced (2 beeps). Recharge the battery:
13
starlight pro 1. 2.
5.4
Place the handpiece into its housing in the charging unit (Figure 5 at page 10 - Ref. B). The green battery LED will light up (Table 1 at page 11- Ref. B). The charging phase has been completed when the green battery LED switch off.
Battery Failure Indication
If the yellow battery LED (check) on the charging unit lights up (Table 1 at page 11- Ref. B), this means that there is a fault with the battery. NOTE: This failure condition disables operation of the charging unit. To restore proper working conditions proceed as follows: 1.
Remove the handpiece from the charging unit;
3.
Reconnect the cable of the charging unit. The green power LED will light up.
2.
5.5
Cut off the power supply to the charging unit for a few seconds (disconnect the power cable) - All the LEDs will light off;
Battery Replacement
To replace a failed battery, contact Mectron Customer Service.
5.6
Battery Safety Requirements
The battery can cause damage to property and/or personal injuries such as burns if conducting materials such as jewellery, keys or beaded necklaces come into contact with the exposed terminals. The conducting material could close an electrical circuit (short circuit) and become very hot. Make a habit of handling the device with care, particularly if it is placed inside a pocket, bag or other container in which there are metal objects. In the case of contact of the terminals with metal objects and consequent short circuit, the lamp stops and it is necessary to reposition it on the battery charger to resume its operation. WARNING: Do not short-circuit the electric contacts of the handpiece with metal objects or liquids (Figure 6 at page 14 - Ref. A Ref. B).
A
B
Figure 6 – Electric contacts of the handpiece. WARNING: Do not leave the battery within reach of children.
14
Battery CAUTION: Use only original Mectron batteries. The battery is of Lithium-ion type and, in case of malfunction, it can be replaced only by another battery of the same type and only by Mectron authorized personnel. CAUTION: Recharge the battery only with the Mectron charging unit (Figure 4 at page 8 - Ref. A). Do not attempt to recharge the battery using a generic battery charger. This entails a risk of explosion and fire. CAUTION: The battery should be recycled or disposed of in the appropriate manner in accordance with the law. The battery should not be thrown away with normal waste. The user will be liable for any damages caused by improper disposal of the battery. CAUTION: Do not use the battery for purposes other than those for which it is intended. CAUTION: Do not open, pierce or crush the battery. It contains toxic substances. CAUTION: Do not burn the battery or expose it to a high temperature. There is a risk of explosion. CAUTION: Do not short-circuit the battery terminals. This could cause burns and fire.
15
starlight pro
6
USE
6.1
Connecting the Accessories
WARNING: Check the condition of the device before the treatment. Before each treatment, always make sure that the equipment is working properly and check the efficiency of the accessories. If any improper functioning is noted, do not proceed with the treatment. If the problem concerns the equipment contact an authorised technical assistance centre. WARNING: Infections control. For maximum safety of the patient and of the operator, before each treatment, clean, disinfect and sterilise the optical fibre and the optical protection. Carefully follow the instructions provided in Chapter 7 on page 19.
Before using the starlight pro proceed as follows: 1. 2.
Manually insert the optic fibre onto the handpiece, applying gentle pressure. If necessary, rotate until it clicks into place (see Figure 7 at page 16); Fit the optical protection onto the optical fibre by hand (see Figure 7 at page 16).
1
2
Figure 7 – Connecting the Accessories
6.2
Safety Requirements During Use
WARNING: Never point the beam of light in the direction of the eyes. WARNING: Before each cycle of exposure make sure that the optical fibre is correctly and fully fitted into the handpiece. WARNING: Before each cycle of exposure always make sure that the optical protection has been fitted onto the end of the optical fibre.
16
Use WARNING: Point the beam of light directly onto the material to be polymerised. Do not subject the gum or other soft tissues to the beam of light (shield these parts suitably if necessary). The effect of the light should be limited to the oral cavity and in particular to the sector requiring clinical treatment.. WARNING: Do not short-circuit the electric contacts of the handpiece with metal objects or liquids (Figure 6 at page 14 - Ref. A and Ref. B).
CAUTION: During the first few seconds of exposure avoid contact of the tip with the material to be polymerised. Deposits of composite material adhering to and polymerised to the tip terminal surface lower the amount of light transmitted and will therefore prejudice subsequent polymerisation operations. WARNING: Replace damaged or inefficient optical fibre as the light intensity is significantly reduced. WARNING: During the intervention on the patient, do not perform any maintenance tasks on the system.
6.3
Instructions for Use
starlight pro allows performing 2 types of exposures: • •
FAST: exposure time of 10 seconds at the maximum light intensity.
SLOW RISE: exposure time of 20 seconds with a gradual increase of the light intensity during the first 3 seconds up to the maximum intensity.
FAST exposure selection: 1. 2.
Press the on/off button on the handpiece (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. D) for a short time. An acoustic signal will be emitted (1 beep).
After 10 seconds an acoustic signal will be produced (1 beep). The FAST cycle has been completed.
SLOW RISE exposure selection: 1. 2. 3.
Keep pressed the on/off button on the handpiece (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. D) for 2 seconds. An acoustic signal is emitted when the cycle starts and after 2 seconds. After 10 seconds an acoustic signal will be emitted (1 beep).
After 20 seconds an acoustic signal will be emitted (1 beep). The SLOW RISE cycle has been completed.
After the end of the treatment, place the starlight pro handpiece back into the charging unit (Figure 4 at page 8 - Ref. B). NOTE: Cycle interruption. Both in the FAST and in the SLOW RISE mode, the exposure cycle can be interrupted at any time by pressing the on/off button on the handpiece (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. D). NOTE: Additional exposures. At the end of any exposure cycle, it is possible to carry out one or more additional cycles by pressing the on/off button on the handpiece again each time (Table 1 at page 11 - Ref. D). For a quick guide to the signalling, see Table 2 at page 12 and Table 3 at page 13.
17