X-Porte Service Manual P16620-01

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Legal Notices Manufacturer FUJIFILM SonoSite, Inc. 21919 30th Drive SE Bothell, WA 98021-3904 USA T: (888) 482-9449 or (425) 951-1200 F: (425) 951-1201 EC Authorized Representative Emergo Europe Molenstraat 15 2513 BH The Hague, The Netherlands Australia Sponsor FUJIFILM SonoSite Australasia Pty Ltd Suite 9, 13a Narabang Way Belrose, New South Wales 2085, Australia Caution:

United States federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a physician.

SonoMB, SonoSite, Steep Needle Profiling, X-Porte, and the SonoSite logo are registered (in some jurisdictions) and unregistered trademarks owned by FUJIFILM SonoSite, Inc. in various jurisdictions. DICOM is the registered trademark of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Patents: US 8,216,146; US 8,213,467; US 8,147,408; US 8,137,278; US 8,088,071; US 8,066,642; US 8,052,606; US 7,819,807; US 7,804,970; US 7,740,586; US 7,686,766; US 7,604,596; US 7,591,786; US 7,588,541; US 7,534,211; US 7,449,640; US 7,169,108; US 6,962,566; US 6,648,826; US 6,575,908; US 6,569,101; US 6,471,651; US 6,416,475; US 6,383,139; US 6,364,839; US 6,203,498; US 6,135,961; US 5,893,363 ; US 5,817,024; US 5,782,769; US 5,722,412; AU: 730822; AU: 727381; CA: 2,372,152; CA: 2,371,711; CN 98108973.9; CN: 98106133.8; CN: 97113678.5; DE: 69831698.3; DE: 69830539.6; DE: 69730563.5; DE: 602004027882.3; DE: 602004023816.3; DE: 60034670.6; DE: 60029777.2; EP: 1589878; EP: 1552792; EP: 1180971; EP: 0875203; EP: 0815793; EP 1180970; EP 0881492; ES: 2229318; ES: 159878; ES: 1552792; ES: 0881492; FR: 158978; FR: 1552792; FR: 1180970; FR: 0881492; FR: 0875203; FR: 0815793; GB: 158978; GB: 1552792; GB: 1180971; GB: 1180970; GB: 0881492; GB: 0875203; GB: 0815793; IT: 1589878; IT: 1552792; IT: 0881492; IT: 0815793; JP: 4696150; KR: 532359; KR: 528102; NO: 326814; NO: 326202 Copyright © 2013 FUJIFILM SonoSite Inc, Inc. All rights reserved.

P16620-01

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Table of Contents Introduction ... 1 Audience...1 Contact Information...1 Terms and symbols...2 Labeling symbols...2

Specifications ... 3 Specifications...3 System Specifications... 3 Electrical specifications... 3 Environmental limits... 4 Battery specifications... 4 Accessories and peripherals... 4

Safety ... 5 Electrical safety...5 Electrical safety classification...7 Equipment safety...7 DICOM standard... 7 HIPAA standard... 7 Transporting X-Porte Stand Systems...7

System Overview ... 9 About the System...9 Theory of Operation...9 Description of Operating Modes... 10 Additional System Feature Performances... 12 Front End Overview... 13 X-Porte Front End Board... 14 PW Doppler Processing... 15 CW Doppler Processing... 16 Back End Overview... 17 Control Subsystem... 18 Power Supply and Control... 19 ECG Module... 20 DICOM... 21

Troubleshooting ... 23 X-Porte Desktop and Stand Versions Major Component Diagrams...23 System and Subsystem Diagnosis...23 System Repair...24 Test Equipment...24 Failure (Assert) Codes...24 Verifying a System Assert Code... 24 Clinical Monitor Display... 25 DICOM... 26 SPMU... 27 Touch Control Panel... 29 X-Porte Power-0 & Power-1 Procedural Steps...29

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Replacement Procedures ... 33 Qualifying Service Personnel...34 Clinical Monitor Display...34 Required Parts... 34 Required Tools... 34 Clinical Monitor Display Removal... 34 Clinical Monitor Display Replacement... 35 System (“Engine”)...36 Required Part... 36 Required Tools... 36 System (“Engine”) Removal... 36 System (“Engine”) Replacement... 37 Touch Control Panel...37 Required Parts... 37 Required Tools... 37 Control Panel Removal... 37 Control Panel Replacement... 39 Dock...39 Required Part... 39 Required Tools... 39 Dock Removal... 39 Dock Replacement... 40 Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU)...40 Required Part... 40 Required Tools... 40 Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU) Removal... 40 Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU) Replacement... 44 Battery...45 Required Part... 45 Required Tools... 45 Battery Removal... 45 Battery Replacement... 45 Triple Transducer Connect (TTC)...45 Required Part... 45 Required Tools... 45 Triple Transducer Connect (TTC) Removal... 45 Triple Transducer Connect (TTC) Replacement... 47 Optional Equipment - Stand System...48 PowerPark...48 Required Part... 48 Required Tools... 48 PowerPark Stand Module Removal... 48 PowerPark Stand Module Replacement... 48 PowerPark Stand Module Removal (Alternate Method-Upright System)... 48 PowerPark Stand Module Replacement (Alternate Method-Upright System)... 48 Sony UP-D897MD Printer...49 Required Part... 49 Required Tools... 49 Sony UP-D897MD Printer Removal... 49 Sony UP-D897MD Printer Replacement... 50

Maintenance ... 51 Periodic Maintenance...51 Cleaning and Disinfecting...51 vi

Performance Testing ... 53 Overview...53 Recommend Test Equipment...53 Setting Up Performance Tests...53 Basic Operational Tests...54 2D Performance Tests...54 2D Performance / Image Quality... 54 Axial Measurement Accuracy... 55 Lateral Measurement Accuracy... 55 Penetration... 56 Additional Performance Tests...56 Color Doppler (Color)... 56 Color Power Doppler (CPD)... 57 M Mode Imaging... 57 Tissue Harmonic Imaging... 57 Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler Imaging... 58 Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler Imaging... 58 Image Quality Verification Test/Livescan... 58 Printer... 59

Replacement Parts ... 61 Clinical Monitor...62 Touch Control Panel...63 Dock...64 “Ultrasound” Engine...65 Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU & Batteries)...66 Triple Transducer Connect (TTC)...67 Clinical Monitor Hardware...68 Control Panel Hardware...68 Dock Hardware...69 Stand Hardware Parts...69 Optional Equipment...70 PowerPark...70 Sony UP-D897MD B&W Printer...71 Desktop System Components...72 EPS for Desktop System (Engine)...72 EPS for Desktop Clinical Monitor Display...72 Other Desktop Components...73 Ordering Replacement Parts...73

Service Event Reporting ... 75 Service Event Report Form...76 Service Event Report Instructions...77 Returning Products to FUJIFILM SonoSite...78 Shipping Instructions... 78

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Chapter 1: Introduction Before servicing the X-Porte Ultrasound System, please read this manual. The ultrasound system has multiple configurations and feature sets. All are described in this service manual but not every option may apply to your system. System features depend on your system configuration, transducer, and exam type. Refer to the X-Porte Product Information & Safety Guide (P14646) for additional information regarding safety, system controls, operation, capabilities, and specifications.

Audience The intended audience of this manual are properly trained field and in-house service personnel. The ultrasound system operators are expected to be able to replace all the components of the Desktop version and the System “Engine” attached to the Stand version. With technical support guidance, a basic knowledge of hand tools, and the ability to handle about 20 lb (9.1 kg), the system operators are expected to replace the touch Control Panel and Clinical Monitor display. The Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU) and batteries in the Stand version will be serviced by qualified field service personnel. The batteries used are sealed Lithium-ion type which requires no maintenance and are not serviceable. Expected life for these batteries are between 3-6 years depending on system usage and configuration of the Stand system.

Contact Information Questions and comments are encouraged. FUJIFILM SonoSite is interested in your feedback regarding the system and user documentation. Please call FUJIFILM SonoSite at 888-482-9449 in the U.S. Outside the U.S., call the nearest FUJIFILM SonoSite representative. For technical support, please contact FUJIFILM SonoSite as follows:

FUJIFILM SonoSite Technical Support Phone (U.S. or Canada):

877-657-8118

Phone (Outside U.S. and Canada):

425-951-1330 Or call your local representative.

Fax:

425-951-6700

E-mail:

[email protected]

Web site:

www.sonosite.com

Europe Service Center:

FUJIFILM SonoSite - Amsterdam Science Park 402 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel (Main): +31 20 751 2020 - English support: +44 14 6234 1151 - French support: +33 1 8288 0702 - German support: +49 69 8088 4030 - Italian support: +39 02 9475 3655 - Spanish support: +34 91 123 8451

Chapter 1: Introduction

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FUJIFILM SonoSite Technical Support (Continued) Asia Service Center:

SonoSite Singapore Pte Ltd 10 New Industrial Road #02-00 Fujifilm Building Singapore 536501 Tel: +65 6380-5589

Terms and symbols The service manual follows these conventions: •

A WARNING describes precautions necessary to prevent injury or loss of life.

•

A Caution describes precautions necessary to protect the products.

•

Numbered steps in procedures must be performed in order.

•

Items in bulleted lists do not require performance in sequence.

Labeling symbols Please refer to Chapter 4: Labeling Symbols found in the X-Porte Product Information & Safety Guide (P14646)

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Specifications This chapter contains information regarding system specifications and accessory compatibility. The information applies to the ultrasound system, transducers, accessories, and peripherals.

Specifications System Specifications Stand Dimensions: •

Length: 26.4 in. (67.1 cm)

•

Width: 21.2 in. (53.8 cm)

•

Height (max): 64 in. (162.6 cm)

•

Height (min): 42.2 in. (107.2 cm)

•

Height Adjustment: 9 in. (22.9 cm) travel

Touch Panel •

Capacitive Display Type

•

Diagonal: 12.1 in. (30.7 cm)

•

Multi-touch Gestures for System Controls

•

Tilt Adjustment: 7.3 in. (18.5 cm)

•

Side to Side Turning: +/- 90 degrees from center

Display (HD Monitor) •

Diagonal: 19 in. (48.3 cm)

•

Screen Size: 1280 x 800

•

Image Size: 800 x 600

•

Monitor Tilt: 5° tilting forward from vertical, 20° tilting back from vertical

Electrical specifications •

Power Supply Input (Stand Version): 100-240V~ 6.0A Max, 50-60Hz • Sony B/W Printer: 100-240V~ 1.5A-0.8A, 50-60Hz

•

Power Supply Output 1 (Stand Version): 24 VDC, 11.5 A Max (Output not exceeding 275 watts) • Power Supply Output 2 (Stand Version): 100-240V~ 3.0A - 1.5A, 50-60Hz

•

Power Supply Input (Desktop Version): 100-240V~ 3.4A - 1.4A, 50-60Hz

•

Power Supply Output (Desktop Version): 24 VDC, 6.25 A Max (Combined Output not exceeding 150 watts) • Clinical Display Monitor Supply: 100-240V~ 2.7A, 50-60Hz • Sony B/W Printer: 100-240V~ 1.5A-0.8A, 50-60Hz

•

Batteries (Stand Version): 3 Lithium-ion batteries (385Wh total)

•

Battery Use Time: 1.0 hour, 3 days on idle

•

Battery Charge Time: 2.5 hours

•

Battery Life: 3-6 years

Chapter 2: Specifications

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Environmental limits Note: The temperature, pressure, and humidity limits apply only to the ultrasound system, transducers, and battery.

Operating System and Transducer 10–40°C (50–104°F), 15–95% R.H. 700 to 1060hPa (0.7 to 1.05 ATM)

Shipping and Storage System and Transducer -35-65°C (-31-149°F), 15-95% R.H. 500 to 1060hPa (0.5 to 1.05 ATM) Battery -20–60°C (-4–140°F), 15–95% R.H. (For storage longer than 30 days, store at or below room temperature.) 500 to 1060hPa (0.5 to 1.05 ATM)

Battery specifications The X-Porte stand uses three lithium-ion batteries that are charged and controlled by the Stand Power Management Unit (SPMU) that can be switched off via three rocker type switches. These switches can be accessed by lifting up from the stand bottom a black plastic door located under the left rear caster leg. Run time is up to one hour (up to 3days on idle) depending on imaging mode and display brightness. This chapter contains electrical, and clinical safety information required by regulatory agencies.

Accessories and peripherals The system supports various accessories and peripherals. See the X-Porte Product Information & Safety Guide (P14646) for a list of compatible products.

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Chapter 2: Specifications

Chapter 3: Safety This chapter contains electrical and clinical safety information required by regulatory agencies. The information applies to the ultrasound system, transducers, accessories, and peripherals.

Electrical safety This system meets EN60601-1, Class I/internally-powered equipment requirements and Type BF (transducers) and Type CF (ECG leads) isolated patient-applied parts safety requirements. This system complies with the applicable medical equipment requirements published in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), European Norm Harmonized Standards, and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) safety standards. For maximum safety observe the following warnings and cautions.. WARNING:

To avoid the risk of injury, do not operate the system in the presence of flammable gasses or anesthetics. Explosion can result.

WARNING:

To avoid the risk of electrical shock or injury, do not open the system enclosures. All internal adjustments and replacements, including battery replacement, must be made by a qualified technician.

WARNING:

To avoid the risk of electrical shock: • Use only properly grounded equipment. Shock hazards exist if the power supply is not properly grounded. Grounding reliability can be achieved only when equipment is connected to a receptacle marked “Hospital Only” or “Hospital Grade” or equivalent. The grounding wire must not be removed or defeated. • This equipment must be connected only to supply mains with protective earth. • Do not let any part of the system (including the bar code scanner, external mouse, power supply, or power supply connector), except for the transducer or ECG leads, touch the patient. • Do not touch any of the following: • The ungrounded signal input/output connectors on the back of the ultrasound system • The system battery contacts (Stand System Only) • The system transducer connector when the transducer or Triple Transducer Connect (TTC) is disconnected • Any unused TTC transducer connector when the TTC is connected. • Do not connect the system's power supply to an MPSO or extension cord. • Before using the transducer, inspect the transducer face, housing, and cable. Do not use the transducer if the transducer or cable is damaged. • Always disconnect the power supply from the system before cleaning the system. • Do not use any transducer that has been immersed beyond the specified cleaning or disinfection level. See “Cleaning and Disinfecting X-Porte Products” P16529 • Use only accessories and peripherals recommended by FUJIFILM SonoSite, including the power supply. Connection of accessories and peripherals not recommended by FUJIFILM SonoSite could result in electrical shock. Contact FUJIFILM SonoSite or your local representative for a list of accessories and peripherals available from or recommended by FUJIFILM SonoSite.

Chapter 3: Safety

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WARNING:

To avoid the risk of electrical shock and fire hazard: • Inspect the power supply, AC power cords, cables, and plugs on a regular basis. Ensure that they are not damaged. • The power cord set that connects the power supply of the ultrasound system or to mains power must only be used with the power supply, and cannot be used to connect other devices to mains power.

WARNING:

To avoid the risk of electrical shock, burn, or fire, use only AC power supplies specified by FUJIFILM SonoSite.

WARNING:

To prevent injury to the operator/bystander, the transducer must be removed from patient contact before the application of a high-voltage defibrillation pulse.

WARNING:

To avoid possible electrical shock or electromagnetic interference, verify proper operation and compliance with relevant safety standards for all equipment before clinical use. Connecting additional equipment to the ultrasound system constitutes configuring a medical system. FUJIFILM SonoSite recommends verifying that the system, all combinations of equipment, and accessories connected to the ultrasound system comply with JACHO installation requirements and/or safety standards such as AAMI-ES1, NFPA 99 OR IEC Standard 60601-1-1 and electromagnetic compatibility standard IEC 60601-1-2 (Electromagnetic compatibility), and are certified according to IEC Standard 60950 (Information Technology Equipment (ITE) or IEC 60601-1.).

WARNING:

Due to the captive nature of the Stand version system batteries, any shipping transport, service activities, or extended periods of non-operation with the system unplugged from the AC wall source, will require that the battery ON-OFF switch be set to the “•O” (OFF) position. Please refer to Figure 3.1 on page 6.

Caution:

Do not use the system if an error message appears on the display monitor: note the error code; call FUJIFILM SonoSite or your local representative; turn off the system by pressing and holding the power key until the system powers down.

Caution:

To avoid increasing the system and transducer connector temperature, do not block the airflow to the rear fans and ventilation holes around the bottom and side perimeter of the Engine.

Clinical Monitor display in the down (horizontal) transport position. Touch Control Panel in the down (horizontal) transport position.

Access to the Stand battery switches can be gained by lifting the black plastic panel and pulling outward. This panel location is at the SPMU stand housing area near the left rear caster leg.

Stand collapsed (lowest height) for transport.

Battery Switches “•O”= OFF Figure 3.1 Stand System Battery Switches & Transport Positioning

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Chapter 3: Safety

Electrical safety classification Equipment safety Please refer to the X-Porte Product Information and Safety Guide (P14646) for the complete information concerning all safety and standards applicable to the X-Porte Ultrasound System

DICOM standard Please refer to the X-Porte Product Information and Safety Guide (P14646) for the complete information concerning the DICOM standard applicable to the X-Porte Ultrasound System

HIPAA standard Please refer to the X-Porte Product Information and Safety Guide (P14646) for the complete information concerning HIPAA standard applicable to the X-Porte Ultrasound System

Transporting X-Porte Stand Systems Please observe the prior Warnings and Cautions outlined in this chapter concerning the stand version system for transport and servicing. Lower (collapse) the stand to the lowest height position, fold to the horizontal position the Clinical Monitor display and touch Control Panel, and access the three battery switches and ensure that all switches are in the “•O” (OFF) position. Many government agencies require that no electronic equipment be shipped via air transport with live battery power attached to the equipment. Refer to Figure 3.1 on page 6 as to how to position the system stand and disconnect the battery power for transport and servicing.

Chapter 3: Safety

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Chapter 3: Safety

Chapter 4: System Overview About the System The FUJIFILM SonoSite X-Porte high-resolution ultrasound system is a portable, full featured, general purpose, software controlled, diagnostic ultrasound system using all digital architecture. The system is used to acquire and display high-resolution, real-time ultrasound data in 2D, M Mode, Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler, Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler, Color Power Doppler (CPD), and color Doppler (Color) or in a combination of these modes. The system has an electrocardiography (ECG) display feature and supports a 3-lead ECG cable assembly to collect data for M Mode and Doppler measurements. The system provides measurement capabilities for anatomical structures and fetal biometry that provide information used for clinical diagnostic purposes. The system has a PW and CW Doppler audio output feature, cine review, image zoom, labeling, biopsy, measurements and calculations, image storage and review, printing, and recording capabilities. The system includes optional Digital Imaging and Communications (DICOM) capabilities as well as general computer communication capabilities to provide the acceptance, transfer, display, storage, and digital processing of ultrasound images and loops. Security support is also provided to facilitate HIPAA compliance. The system displays the current output level in terms of one of two bioeffects indices (“Mechanical Index [MI]” and “Thermal Index [TI]”) in accordance with the AIUM/NEMA Standard for Real Time Display of Thermal and Mechanical Acoustic Output Indices on Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment.

Theory of Operation The X-Porte ultrasound system has seven (7) major functional groups: • • • • • • •

Transducer Acquisition Subsystem Processing Subsystem Display Subsystem Control Subsystem User Interface Subsystem Power Subsystem

The following block diagram shows the relationship of the functional groups.

Figure 4.1 Ultrasound System Functional Group

Chapter 4: System Overview

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The Transducer elements convert the pulser voltage to acoustic energy during the transmit portion of the ultrasound acquisition cycle. The elements convert the acoustic echo to voltage in the receive portion of the acquisition. The voltage developed on the transducer elements is sensed by the acquisition subsystem. The system transducers have 64 to 256 elements. The Acquisition Subsystem consists of the beamformer and interface to the transducer. The beamformer controls the timing of the transmit pulses to focus the acoustic beam. The beamformer amplifies the low-level received echos and controls the receive focusing. The system beamformer transmits on up to 128 elements and receives on 64 elements. The Processing Subsystem includes capabilities for interfacing with the beamformer and performing high speed processing. The processing subsystem demodulates, filters, detects, and compresses the signal supplied by the beamformer into display information. The Display Subsystem converts the detected ultrasound data into picture elements (pixels). The software user interface graphics are combined with the ultrasound information and converted to a video stream. The external video port supports NTSC and PAL format. The Control Subsystem consists of the central processing unit, program and video memory, permanent image storage and retrieval memory, external communication interface ports, and connection to the user interface keys. The control software includes the acoustic power and intensity software subsystem, power group monitors, and a beamformer monitor. This software guarantees a level of patient safety by ensuring the system is operating within acoustic power and intensity limits. The User Interface Subsystem represents the software interface and form factor. The software interface is the interaction between the user and the screen layout components. The form factor is the type of physical buttons, location, and grouping of the buttons and the device size, shape, and weight. Dedicated controls are for high usage activities and grouped according to the user workflow. The Power Subsystem provides the system power and protects the hardware from destructive and/or unsafe conditions by detecting failures in the system through hardware and software monitors. Detection of a fault results in disabling of the pulser supply, and signaling of an error to the Control Group. The power subsystem includes the batteries (quantity of three lithium-ion) and battery charging electronics.

Description of Operating Modes

2D Mode

2D mode is a two dimensional image of the amplitude of the echo signal. It is used for location and measurement of anatomical structures and for spatial orientation during operation of other modes. In 2D, a two-dimensional cross-section of a 3-dimensional soft tissue structure such as the heart is displayed in real time. Ultrasound echoes of different intensities are mapped to different gray scale or color values in the display. The outline of the 2D cross-section may be a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, sector, or a full circle, depending on the particular transducer used. 2D mode can be used in combination with any other modes.

M Mode

M Mode is also known as “T-M mode” or “time-motion” mode. It is used primarily for cardiac measurements such as valve timing and septal wall thickness when accurate timing information is required. Ultrasound echoes of different intensities are mapped to different gray scale values in a scrolling display. M Mode displays time motion information of the ultrasound data derived from a stationary beam. Depth is arranged along the vertical axis with time along the horizontal axis. M Mode can be used alone but is normally used in conjunction with a 2D image for spatial reference. The 2D image has a graphical line (M-line) superimposed on the 2D image indicating where the M Mode beam is located.

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Chapter 4: System Overview

Color Doppler (Color)

In color Doppler, a real-time, two-dimensional cross-section of blood flow is displayed. The 2D cross-section may be presented as a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, sector, or a full circle, depending on the particular transducer used. The 2D cross-section is presented as a full color display, with various colors being used to represent the velocity, both positive and negative, of the blood flow echoes. Often, to provide spatial orientation, the full color blood flow cross-section is overlaid on top of the gray scale cross-section of soft tissue structure (2D echo). For each pixel in the overlay, the decision of whether to display VCD, gray scale (echo) information or a blended combination is based on the relative strength of echoes from the soft-tissue structures and from the red blood battery. A high pass filter (wall filter) is used to remove the signals from stationary or slowly moving structures. Tissue motion is discriminated from blood flow by assuming that blood is moving faster than the surrounding tissue, although additional parameters may also be used to enhance the discrimination. The remaining signal after wall filtering may be averaged over time (persistence) to present a steady state image of blood flow distribution. Variance information may also be displayed to provide information when large variance is observed in the velocity information.

Color Power Doppler (CPD)

In CPD, a real-time two-dimensional cross-section of blood flow is displayed. The 2D cross-section may be presented as a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, sector, or a full circle, depending on the particular transducer used. The 2D cross-section is presented as a full color display, with various colors being used to represent the power in blood flow echoes. Often, to provide spatial orientation, the full color blood flow cross-section is overlaid on top of the gray scale cross-section of soft tissue structure (2D echo). For each pixel in the overlay, the decision of whether to display CPD, gray scale (echo) information or a blended combination is based on the relative strength of echoes from the soft-tissue structures and from the red blood battery. A high pass filter (wall filter) is used to remove the signals from stationary or slowly moving structures. Tissue motion is discriminated from blood flow by assuming that blood is moving faster than the surrounding tissue, although additional parameters may also be used to enhance the discrimination. The power in the remaining signal after wall filtering may be averaged over time (persistence) to present a steady state image of blood flow distribution.

Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler

CW provides a real-time representation of blood flow and is displayed as a velocity-versus-time sweeping output. Velocity (or frequency) is presented as the vertical axis with time along the horizontal axis. The magnitude of the detected signal is represented as different gray scale values. CW Doppler mode provides the clinician with the ability to obtain blood flow velocities focused about a user specified focal region. A continuous transmit waveform of ultrasound energy with a known frequency is transmitted and focused by the system; on the receive side, the transducer receive echoes are continuously amplified, focused about the focal region and converted to a base band quadrature signal. The signal is analyzed by a quadrature phase detector that establishes two receive channels to allow detection of flow direction. These two channels are then analyzed by a fast complex Fourier transform (FFT) circuit to establish the spectrum of frequencies present in the echoes. The data are displayed as spectrum frequencies with respect to time. CW can be used alone but is normally used in conjunction with a 2D image for spatial reference. The 2D image has a graphical line (D-line) superimposed on the 2D image indicating where the M-mode beam is located.

Chapter 4: System Overview

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Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler

PW provides a real-time representation of blood flow and is displayed as a velocity-versus-time sweeping output. Velocity (or frequency) is presented as the vertical axis with time along the horizontal axis. The magnitude of the detected signal is represented as different gray scale values. The ultrasound data is derived from a single area, the sample volume, on a stationary beam. PW Doppler mode provides the clinician with the ability to obtain blood flow velocities about a spatial sample volume. A burst of ultrasound with a known spectrum is transmitted by the system; on the receive side, the transducer receive echoes are amplified and range gated at the appropriate depth. The signal is analyzed by a quadrature phase detector that establishes two receive channels to allow detection of flow direction. These two channels are then analyzed by a fast complex Fourier transform (FFT) circuit to establish the spectrum of frequencies present in the echoes. The data are displayed as spectrum frequencies with respect to time. PW can be used alone but is normally used in conjunction with a 2D image for spatial reference. The 2D image has a graphical line (D-line) superimposed on the 2D image indicating where the M-mode beam is located. The sample volume position (depth) and size are also indicated on the D-Line.

Additional System Feature Performances Broadband Imaging

This ultrasound acquisition system uses high resolution broadband technology in the transmit pulsers, transducer, and receivers. The receive path can capture and process signals over a wide spectrum, from below 2.0 MHz to beyond 10 MHz. For each application, the transmit pulse is designed to produce an appropriate bandwidth. For example, in 2D grayscale imaging, a wide band pulse is used to support good axial resolution. For Doppler modes, a narrower band pulse is used, which improves the spectral resolution of the detected Doppler signal. In addition to transmit pulse control, programmable digital signal processing is used in the receive path to further refine the bandwidth used to produce the final image. Digital filters are applied to the digitized received signal to limit and shape the spectral bandwidth used to generate the displayed output.

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Tissue Specific Imaging

In this feature, parameters for signal and image processing are optimized to maximize the image quality or to obtain the best compromise of resolution and penetration for different specific clinical applications. These parameters include: the order of received filters, the bandwidth, the dynamic range, the compression curve, the gain setting and parameters for compounding frequency band, etc. For example, different system parameter setups are used for abdominal or peritoneal scanning. This feature is for ease of use for the operator by automatically setting up system control parameters rather than manually adjusting settings for best performance.

Biopsy Guidance

The system can display a pair of biopsy guidelines that represent the anticipated path of the biopsy needle. The image of an anatomical target, biopsy guidelines, a scan plane marker, and a biopsy needle are displayed to assist in guiding the biopsy needle to the target. The system also provides needle guidance for vascular access procedures. For additional information, see the biopsy user guides.

Measurement and Calculation Capabilities

The system offers a variety of measurements and calculations, specific to exam type and transducer. A list of them, and author references, are in the system user guide. Measurement accuracy is also discussed.

Chapter 4: System Overview

Continuous Wave Doppler Audio Output

The system provides for audio output of the CW velocity information. This can be presented as stereo information, with flow moving towards the transducer on one channel and flow away on the other, or as a mono output with the single audio output representing the summation of the flow directions.

Pulsed Wave Doppler Audio Output

The system provides for audio output of the PW velocity information. This can be presented as stereo information, with flow moving towards the transducer on one channel and flow away on the other, or as a mono output with the single audio output representing the summation of the flow directions.

Electrocardiograph (ECG) Display

ECG is provided to measure the electrical signal generated by the heart. A three lead interface: Right Arm (RA), Left Arm (LA) and Left Leg (LL), is provided on the system. The ECG signal is displayed as an amplitude-versus-time sweeping output. Amplitude is presented on the vertical axis with time along the horizontal axis.

Front End Overview The Front End is designed to support various imaging modalities such as 2D, M-Mode, Spectral Doppler and Color Doppler. From the Front End's perspective, all modes can be grouped into a few basic types: Single mode, simultaneous modes and triggered modes. All these modes are built from similar, basic transmit and receive sequences controlled within the Front End. A generic top level block diagram of a typical Front End is shown below in Figure 4.2 on page 13

Transducer

Receive Section

T/R Sw

A/D

Delay

Weight

TGC Amplifier

Pulser

X

Beamformed Data

Delay Waveform

T/R Sw A/D

Delay

Weight

TGC Amplifier

Pulser

X

Delay Waveform

Control

Transmit Section

Figure 4.2 Generic Front End Block Diagram The transmit section consists of a waveform generator, delay block, and high power high voltage driver to excite the transducer element. Multiple elements are driven with delays determined by the time of flight in the medium from the elements to the point in space where the beam is to be focused. The longer the time of flight is to the focal point the smaller the delay is for a given transmit element to allow all to arrive at the focal point at the same time.

Chapter 4: System Overview

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